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Review Questions and Answers
Chapter 2 – Human Anatomy and Physiology
1) What are the proteoglycans? In what tissues
might they be found? Why are they an important structural
component?
The proteoglycans are macromolecules that
are distributed almost everywhere in the body. Their size
and structure vary enormously. The basic structure of all
proteoglycans includes a core protein and at least one, but
frequently more (up to tens or hundreds) carbohydrate chains,
so called glycosaminoglycans. Proteoglycans can be found mainly
within the synovial fluid, extracellular matrix and cartilage
of joints. They are important structurally as they are central
to the functioning of cartilage. They weave together with
collagen to form a mesh like structure allowing cartilage
to flex and absorb physical shock.
2) Name the three main types of synovial
joint and give an example of each. Choose one of these types
of joint that is of particular interest to you in sport and
exercise science and describe its movement.
3) Explain what subtypes of joint the knee
and elbow are. Do the same for hip and shoulder.
All are synovial joints.
- Knee: The knee can be described
as a complex joint as it allows both hinge and rotational
movements.
- Elbow: The elbow is a hinge joint allowing
movement in only one plane or axis.
- Hip and Shoulder: These are described
as ball and socket joints allowing movement in all three
planes or axes.
4) Draw a schematic diagram of a section
through the mid-thigh. Label and name the muscles that you
will see in such a section. What are the common terms that
describe the two major muscle groups?
The common terms that describe the
two major muscle groups are the quadriceps femoris and the
hamstrings.
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